A ruling by Italy's supreme court upholding a tax fraud conviction against former premier and centre-right leader Silvio Berlusconi has left the fate of the country's fragile ruling coalition resting in the balance.
Just three months after centre-left Prime Minister Enrico Letta took office at the head of an uneasy coalition with Berlusconi's People of Freedom party (PDL), Italy, the euro zone's third largest economy, is again mired in uncertainty.
The 76-year-old billionaire reacted angrily to the decision by the supreme court to reject a final appeal against his conviction, protesting his innocence and accusing magistrates of persecuting him since his entry into politics 20 years ago.
The ruling, confirming a sentence for tax fraud involving inflated invoices at his Mediaset broadcasting empire, was the first definitive sentence he had received after dozens of previous trials on charges ranging from tax to sex offences.
"No one can understand the real violence which has been directed against me," he said in a video message broadcast on Italian television after the verdict. "A genuine campaign of aggression that has no equal," he said.
Berlusconi is unlikely to have to serve any time in jail because of his age, and the supreme court ordered part of the original sentence, imposing a ban on holding political office, to be reviewed. But the ruling has dealt an unprecedented blow to the man who has dominated Italian politics for two decades.
"His conviction is like the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989," crowed Beppe Grillo, leader of the anti-establishment 5-Star Movement and a ferocious critic of Berlusconi.
Berlusconi said he would continue his political activities under the "Forza Italia" (Go Italy!) name of his first party and press for a reform of the justice system, but he made no direct reference to the future of the coalition with Letta.
Senior allies also reacted with bitterness, but said the ruling would not hit the coalition between Letta's centre-left Democratic Party and Berlusconi's People of Freedom.
"This sentence will not affect the Letta government, which was created to serve the country and which will continue to serve it as far as we are concerned," former Justice Minister Nitto Palma said after a meeting in Berlusconi's Rome residence.
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As millions of Italians head off for their sacrosanct August summer holidays and parliament prepares to go into recess, there was little expectation of an immediate government crisis that could trigger snap elections.
But what might come over the next few months remains completely uncertain, with Letta struggling to contain increasing unhappiness in his own Democratic Party at the alliance with the scandal-plagued Berlusconi.
President Giorgio Napolitano, the man who would have to decide whether to call new elections if the ruling coalition fell apart, urged calm and said the country needed "serenity and cohesion." His comments were echoed by Letta.
"For the good of the country, it is necessary that, despite legitimate internal debate among political forces, a climate of calm and support for our institutions ensures that the interests of Italy prevail over party interests," he said in a statement.
But the ruling added another obstacle to Letta as he struggles to lead Italy out of its longest postwar recession, reform its stagnant economy and cut its mountainous public debt. More challenges may lie ahead.
As well as the tax fraud case, Berlusconi is also fighting a separate conviction for paying for sex with a minor, in the notorious "bunga bunga" prostitution case that tarnished his final months in office in 2011.
With the European Central Bank promising support if needed, investors have so far shown little concern, with the main barometer of market sentiment, the spread between Italian 10- year bonds and their safer German equivalents at 270 points on Thursday, well below levels in previous crises.
That could change if prolonged political instability fuelled doubts about Italy's badly strained public finances and created the kind of pressure that brought down Berlusconi's last government as the euro zone crisis peaked two years ago.
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Silvio Berlusconi's rocky political path
Here is a look at some of the high and low points in Italian billionaire and former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's life and career.
Sept. 1936 – Silvio Berlusconi is born in Milan.
1960's – Berlusconi makes his fortune during a property boom in Milan.
1965 – Berlusconi marries Carla Elvira Dall'Oglio. The couple have two children, but divorce in 1985.
1973 – Sets up cable television company Telemilano, which grows into Italy's biggest media empire, Mediaset. Through his holding company Fininvest, Berlusconi also owns football club AC Milan and Italy's largest publishing house, Mondadori.
1990 – Berlusconi marries for a second time. This marriage to Veronica Lario lasts until 2009. Lario had publicly demanded a divorce in early May that year from her husband of 19 years, accusing him of "frequenting minors".
1993 – Starts Forza Italia, a new political party of the political centre right.
Jan. 1994 – Berlusconi storms into politics to fill a vacuum created after the "Bribesville" graft scandal destroyed the old Christian Democrat party. He wins a general election three months later and becomes prime minister. His government lasts only until December.
May 2001 – Berlusconi wins second election victory, taking office in June with Italy's biggest post-war parliamentary majority.
April 2005 – Berlusconi resigns after two coalition partners demand a change of direction following a defeat for centre-right parties in regional elections. He forms a new government two weeks later.
April 2008 – Berlusconi wins big majority in both houses of parliament after winning elections.
Oct. 2011 – Media reports say Karima El Mahroug, a 17-year old Moroccan nightclub dancer known by the stage name of Ruby Heartstealer, had told investigators she attended "bunga bunga" sex parties with other young women at Berlusconi's villa near Milan. Paying for sex with a minor is a crime in Italy. Both Berlusconi and El Mahroug deny they had sex.
Nov. 2011 – Under heavy pressure from President Giorgio Napolitano, Berlusconi resigns after a collapse in market confidence which pushes Italy's borrowing costs to critical levels. Berlusconi is replaced by respected former European Commissioner Mario Monti who forms a technocrat government.
Sept. 2012 – After months in the shadows, Berlusconi returns to the political scene, attacking the Monti government and vowing to abolish a key housing tax.
Oct. 26 – Berlusconi is sentenced to four years in jail for tax fraud in connection with the purchase of broadcasting rights by his Mediaset television company.
Feb. 25, 2013 – Berlusconi wins a large chunk of votes alongside populist leader and comedian Beppe Grillo in elections, defying polls and building substantial negotiating power for tortuous talks on how to form a new government despite an uncertain result.
April 27 – Centre-left politician Enrico Letta confirms he can form a government that will include Angelino Alfano, one of Berlusconi's closest allies as deputy prime minister.
May 8 – A Milan appeals court upholds the October four-year sentence for tax fraud. The court's ruling will also bar Berlusconi from holding public office for five years.
June 24 – Berlusconi is sentenced to seven years for abuse of office and paying for sex with a minor but he will not have to serve any time before the appeals process is exhausted. He insists he is innocent and will carry on in politics.
Aug 1 – The Court of Cassation, Italy's Supreme Court, upholds a jail sentence handed to Berlusconi by a lower court for tax fraud. A ban on public office is sent back for review.
