Panic gripped markets after U.S. lawmakers unexpectedly rejected a $700 billion bailout plan for the financial industry, with Asian stocks opening sharply lower after Wall Street's biggest fall since the crash of 1987.
A week that started badly with the rescue of three banks in Europe followed by the distressed sale of big U.S. lender Wachovia to Citigroup got worse after the U.S. Congress was unable to agree on a rescue package.
Stocks in Asia dropped roughly 4 percent on Tuesday amid mounting fears about the health of the global economy, with China's two biggest banks opening more than 8 percent lower.
Uncertainty about what comes next, and whether Washington can come up with compromise legislation to relieve the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression before adjourning ahead of the Nov. 4 elections sent investors into safe-haven gold and Treasuries. Oil fell on fears of further economic slowdown.
"It's hard to imagine what's going to happen. It's kind of scary," said Masayoshi Okamoto, head of dealing at Jujiya Securities in Tokyo. "In particular, European banks were putting up a front that nothing was wrong, but now they're falling one after another."
Investors worried that the collapse in financial markets would tip the United States economy into a painful recession that brings the rest of the world with it.
"We do not rule out a U.S. recession being deep and long and having a severe global impact," said Gerard Lyons, chief economist and group head of global research at Standard Chartered in London.
However, Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank President Thomas Hoenig said that despite a sense that "the sky is falling", the U.S. economy is resilient and will emerge stronger from the current credit crisis.
"We need to take a deep breath and think about what is happening," Hoenig said at a Kansas City Fed economic forum in Gering, Nebraska.
U.S. President George W. Bush huddled with economic advisers, including Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, to consider the administration's next move. Bush was scheduled to make a statement on the rescue package at 1245 GMT on Tuesday.
"I was disappointed in the vote that the United States Congress (had) on the economic rescue plan," Bush told reporters in Washington. "Our strategy is to continue to address this economic situation head-on and we'll be working to develop a strategy that will enable us to continue to move forward."
Both supporters and opponents complained about the way the administration presented the proposal as an urgent demand, accompanied by warnings of potential economic collapse, after years of sky-rocketing Wall Street bonuses, abusive mortgage lending, and regulatory neglect by the administration.
"This isn't legislation. This is extortion," said Florida Republican Rep. Ginny Brown-Waite. "This is so embarrassing it turns the stomach of most Americans."
BANKS TOTTER
The shakeup in the financial landscape spread to Europe over the weekend as the governments of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg moved to partly nationalize Belgian-Dutch group Fortis NV, and Germany's Hypo Real Estate Holding AG secured a credit line from the German government.
British mortgage lender Bradford & Bingley Plc was brought under the government's wing shares of French bank Dexia tumbled on a report that it might need emergency capital, and bank rescue deals also emerged in Iceland, Russia and Denmark.
Wachovia, meanwhile, agreed to sell most of its assets to Citigroup Inc in a deal brokered by regulators.
"It just seems that there are only going to be two types of banks in existence now: the ones that survive and get market share or the ones that get gobbled up and have to be euthanized," said Matt McCormick, portfolio manager and banking analyst at Bahl & Gaynor in Cincinnati, Ohio.
MARKET MELTDOWN
The Dow Jones industrial average posted its largest point decline ever while the benchmark S&P 500 had its worst day since the 1987 crash with an 8.8 percent drop. Latin American stocks tumbled 13 percent, their biggest decline in more than a decade.
Global money markets were frozen even as central banks poured hundreds of billions of dollars into the financial system to persuade financial firms to stop hoarding cash.
The House of Representatives voted 228-205 against a compromise bailout plan that would have allowed the Treasury Department to buy up toxic assets from struggling banks. House Republicans, in particular, balked at spending so much taxpayer money just before the Nov. 4 U.S. elections.
"I can't believe they weren't able to come together and come up with a solution. Complete disaster was predicted if it didn't pass," said Stephen Berte, senior equity trader at Standard Life in Boston. "I can't see what the upside is right now."
"We need a plan that works," said U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, the Bush administration's point man on the bailout since the first plan was announced over a week ago. "We need it as soon as possible, and we're just committed to working with congressional leaders to get it done."
World stocks, as measured by the MSCI's world index lost about $1.7 trillion on Monday.
BAILOUT PROSPECTS UNCERTAIN
In Washington, the failure of the bailout bill — after more than a week of high-pressure talks aimed at hammering out a compromise plan — brought new uncertainty about the response of the U.S. government to the worst financial crisis in a generation.
Republican House members voted against the rescue package by a more than 2-to-1 margin. A majority of Democrats voted in favor.
Both parties blamed each other for the failure of the closely watched bill after hours of closed-door negotiations intended to add provisions to protect taxpayers and head off criticism that Washington was riding to the rescue of bankers many Americans blame for triggering the housing crisis.
"What happened today cannot stand. We must move forward," House Speaker Nancy Pelosi told reporters. "We are here to protect the taxpayer as we work to stabilize the markets."
U.S. presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain had both offered qualified support for the bailout proposal, which now dominates the election with just over a month before the vote.
Obama, a Democrat, said he believed lawmakers would regroup to pass a financial rescue plan. "I'm confident we're going to get there," he said as he campaigned in Colorado. "It's going to be a little rocky."
McCain, a Republican who suspended his campaign last week in a failed attempt to broker a bailout deal, called on lawmakers to go back to work. "Now is the time for all members of Congress to go back to the drawing board," he said.
The Senate returns on Wednesday and the House on Thursday after a break for the Jewish New Year holiday of Rosh Hashanah. No laws can be passed in their absence but their staffs could work on a revised plan.
The world's central banks, led by the U.S. Federal Reserve, announced a $330 billion expansion of currency swap arrangements, which allows them to increase the amount of money they can provide in their home markets, effectively throwing more money at the crisis. (For related stories, double click
