Two Russian-born scientists shared the 2010 Nobel Prize for physics for showing how carbon just one atom thick behaved, a discovery with profound implications from quantum physics to consumer electronics.
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester in England conducted experiments with graphene. One hundred times stronger than steel, it is a new form of carbon that is both the thinnest and toughest material known.
"Since it is practically transparent and a good conductor, graphene is suitable for producing transparent touch screens, light panels and maybe even solar cells," the committee said.
Novoselov, 36, is a dual British-Russian citizen while Geim, 51, is a Dutch citizen. A committee official said Novoselov was the youngest physics laureate since 1973.
Geim, speaking at a Nobel news conference via telephone, said he had not expected the prize and would try not to let the news change his routine.
"My plan for today is to go to work and finish up a paper that I didn't finish this week," he said. "I just try to muddle on as before."
Novoselov told Reuters he was keen to move on. "I've had a bit too much graphene in my life — I've been working on it for 7 years now — so we want to explore a little bit away from this area," he said in a telephone interview.
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said he was glad that Russian-born scientists had won Nobel prizes in physics, but regretted that they worked abroad.
"We need to make efforts so that our talented people don't leave the country," he was quoted as saying by Russia's Interfax news agency.
The pair extracted the material from a piece of graphite such as that found in ordinary pencils using adhesive tape, repeating the trick until they were left with minuscule flakes of graphene. They unveiled the discovery 6 years ago.
The normally sober-sounding academy celebrated the "playfulness" that the two scientists exhibited.
Geim especially does not mind injecting humour into science. In 1997 he levitated a frog using a magnetic field, winning himself a tongue-in-cheek "IgNobel Award" from the Annals of Improbable Research in 2000.
"I think I'm the first person who won both. I'm very proud of these prizes," he said.
Mark Miodownik, head of a research unit at King's College London, said the award will bring a smile to the face of every scientist. "It shows you can still get a Nobel Prize by mucking about in a lab."
QUANTUM LEAP
One millimetre of graphite consists of 3 mln layers of graphene stacked on top of each other but held together weakly.
"Anyone who has written something with an ordinary pencil has experienced this, and it is possible, when they did, that only a single layer of atoms, graphene, happened to end up on the paper." The material is almost completely transparent yet so dense that not even the smallest gas atom can pass through it. It also conducts electricity as well as copper, the academy said.
"It's a material that has enormous special properties. It's a big crystal, it is strong — it's 100 times stronger than steel — and one can stretch it up to 20%," said Bjorn Jonsson, a physics professor and member of the Nobel committee.
The academy said that graphene offered physicists the ability to study two-dimensional materials with unique properties and made possible experiments that can give new twists to the phenomena in quantum physics.
Mentioning a few possible applications, the academy said graphene transistors were expected to become much faster than today's silicon ones and yield more efficient computers.
Geim compared the situation to what happened some 100 years ago when polymers were created.
"It took quite some time before polymers went into use in plastics and became so important in our lives," he told Reuters in an interview.
The prize of 10 mln Swedish crowns ($1.5 mln), awarded by the Nobel Committee for Physics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, was the second of this year's Nobel prizes.
Thomson Reuters predicted in 2008 that Geim and Novoselov were likely winners. David Pendlebury of Thomson Reuters makes predictions every year based on a citation index — looking at how often a particular researcher's published studies are used as the basis of work by other researchers.
